How Effective Are Various Methods in Reducing Recidivism Essay Example for Free

How Effective Are Various Methods in Reducing Recidivism Essay Jail, non-custodial sentences and recovery appear to be completely fizzled in decreasing recidivism; be that as it may, there is pretty much nothing and restricted proof to help non-custodial sentences, just as certain individuals might suspect if restoration could be executed viably, it would work. Despite the fact that the benefit of jail is keeping our general public from hazardous individuals, with regards to diminishing recidivism rate, the impact of jail is frustrating. General society normally imagine that detainment is more secure for networks; in any case, it seems frail to dissuade detainees from carrying out wrongdoing once more. In the article, â€Å"Study shows building detainment facilities didn't forestall rehash crimes†, Fox Butterfield (2002) refers to an enormous scope investigation of recidivism from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, which explored up to 272,111 previous detainees in 15 states during the initial three years in the wake of being discharged. It found that 67% of prisoners violated the law again in three years directly after their discharge in 1994. It is astounded that it doesn't have any effect to recidivism rate which was concentrated in 1960’s, and it is even 5% higher than the investigation done in 1983. Moreover, it showed that the more rearrest records a criminal has, the higher recidivism rate he has. The detainees who have more than 15 earlier captures have 82. 1% of recidivism rate. All things considered, as indicated by Emily Kingham’s article (2006), she accepts that jail powers wrongdoers to lament and think about their conduct; with respect to the explanation that hoodlums can't dismiss the enticement of carrying out new wrongdoing is a result of lacking offered help. Regardless of this, a few specialists have conceded that jail doesn't work as far as decreasing recidivism rate (Considering the choices 1978; Finckenauer 1988). Some constrained proof has demonstrated that non-custodial sentences may diminish recidivism; paying little mind to certain specialists being incredulous about their ideal accomplishments. From one perspective, elective sentences can assist government with setting aside cash and mitigate over-squeezed number of lawbreakers in jail (Considering the options 1978). Then again, Kingham(2006) brings up that elective sentences never really return detainees to their unique conditions, which bring about ignorance of their violations and the onsequences. One examination demonstrated that through one of elective sentences, escalated probation, recidivism rate is under 20%; in any case, the proof perhaps frail as the investigation has not been totally incorporated (Considering the options 1978). Moreover, in the Minnesota, elective sentences have been effectively received to keep criminal rate not expanding, however it may not be persuaded in view of the source not being affirmed (Considering t he options 1978). While a few people contend restoration is additionally fizzled in diminishing recidivism rate, a few creators counter that if government could bolster recovery, recidivism rate would diminish. As per the article, â€Å"Prison†, James O. Finckenauer (1988) refers to certain examinations, which shows that despite the fact that the administration has just furnished with great restoration programs, they can't accomplish reformatory of detainees. Then again, this position is challenged by Joan Petersilis (refered to in Butterfield 2002), an educator of criminology at the University of California at Irvine and a specialist on parole, who says that state governments spent such minimal expenditure on recovery programs that prisoners don't get adequate assistance with medicate expansion, work aptitude and groundwork for another life, which may lead expanding recidivism rate. Butterfield (2002) further refers to the announcement by Mr. Travis, who likewise contends that crooks come back to wrongdoing.

Looks Are Deceiving Essay Example

Looks Are Deceiving Essay Example Looks Are Deceiving Essay Looks Are Deceiving Essay Marmara was one of those individuals that everybody loathes. Everybody realizes how contesting the main segment of the school twelvemonth can be for new understudies. I mean. you need to do new companions and only obtain used to a not used to condition. Well. it was non like that for Marmora! She had just gotten well known on the initial twenty-four hours and was chosen as classification delegate for she was canny and gifted. She composed two books that are distributed. had great articulations. a delightful voice. oculus catching drawings. furthermore, a one of a sort character. also, she was still in the eighth class! I was sure Miley Cyrus was off base when she sang that nobody’s immaculate . for Marmara was the prohibition. The new miss and I made companions quickly. She engaged us all through the long. dull. furthermore, as often as possible depleting school yearss. All that she did was unique. She was specific it appeared. in each way. She would sit on the floor in the focal point of an exercise when the wooden seat began to hurt her. sparkle her hair like clockwork. what's more, ever keep up a pen and paper other than her. I constantly observed her writing down things. what's more, she would non distinguish the teacher’s razor fresh eyes tiring into her. None set out to punish her however. since she exceeded expectations in pretty much all the points. In English classification. she would partition her poesy with us. also, at whatever point we needed to make papers. the teachers would pick hers as a hypothetical record. Everybody would look at her in a most bewildered mode. astounded at the capacity of this wonder. I felt that I myself was useless contrasted with Maramara’s impeccable magnificence and perception. It was non until the focal point of the school twelvemonth that something fishy began to go on. I would once in a while happen Marmara red-looked at and watery-peered toward. her long. richly earthy colored hair disguising portions of her miserable face. As us teenagers live our age. happenings like this hush up normal. be that as it may, from impeccable Marmara. it appeared to be unnatural. As classmates would hotfoot to obtain other than her. trying to gracefully her with comforts. her territory would go more awful her legs would get down to shiver. what's more, she would ask to be left altogether. Her melancholic picture was at that place in forepart of me each second of the yearss that followed ; I was horrendously stressed. One glooming winter twenty-four hours during deferral. I discovered her sitting totally on a corroded seat. I thought about how students could be so uproarious and joyful while others were going through terrible occasions. Right away. I sat myself other than Marmara. taking it as a risk to hold a discussion. I felt a spot unbalanced sitting at that place confused. picking my encephalons for a way to get down. Haphazardly. Marmara pulled her arm up. revealing sensibly new cuts of a blade directly beneath her left thenar. She murmured. Don’t concern. it’s only how I alleviate my stinging. you see I can’t call any more. My eyes have evaporated. I was struck thick by the surprise and ran for the open latrine where I in private shed cryings. She followed not long after ; her qualities now obscure and jeopardizing like a fox. The drive to yell and yell filled my lungs. in any case, my lips did non divide for it appeared to be inaccurate. I needed to ask her why-why she was making this to herself. be that as it may, could non get myself to. dreading the impacts. Her poesy became pitiful. Marmara simply appeared to be an alternate individual at this point. She had massive temper swings. You would see her giggling and kidding about thus two seconds along these lines. grave. I realized I needed to make something. so I disclosed to her uncle who worked at school since he and Marmara were close. He took in the knowledge of her status smoothly. furthermore, expressed gratitude toward me for portraying it to him. In any case. I detected a little adjustment in his crinkled face and his typically firm voice was insecure. I could state he was dreadfully disturbed. He quickly made a move and discovered Marmara a head-shrinker who helped her gain out of her wont and status. I watched her cautiously as she changed go into her ordinary self image. helping her along the way. It worked out that she had a few occupations at place that had influenced her mentally. I in the end understood that Marmara was only similar to the rest of us-young people going up against the universe and its difficulties. Marmara instructed me that no undertaking how solid. great. or on the other hand ground-breaking an individual may look. the person in question despite everything is a person. There will ever be something that comes and can non be overwhelmed. I other than procured that I ought to non ever judge individuals simply by their visual perspective or activities. Presently I know non to gain fooled into accepting felicity is a simple blessing the face since you neer realize what inward battles are covering behind it. As it's been said looks can be lead oning.

The Tell Tale Heart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Tell Tale Heart - Essay Example The essayist of incongruity here is Poe, obviously, and not the storyteller since the storyteller seems, by all accounts, to be totally careless in regards to the amusing segment of his monolog. Or then again is he While show basic investigation of The Tell-Tale Heart connects with the story from the perspective that the storyteller's endeavor to demonstrate his rational soundness is an activity in incongruity, his unmistakably tricked perspective can simply be deciphered as a splendidly considered plot to get away from extraordinary discipline for his wrongdoing by persuading the individuals that he is crazy when he isn't. It might be said, The Tell-Tale Heart contains the chunk of a thought that would be fleshed out to novel-length status in Joseph Heller's Catch-22. The difficult situation in the storyteller's case is that he would obviously be rational in the event that he endeavored to demonstrate his blamelessness, however on the off chance that he doesn't attempt to demonstrate his guiltlessness he will in all probability get the death penalty. One of the intriguing parts of this story is that it stays indistinct to whom the storyteller is tending to his intrigue to be discovered normal. It may be the police; it is more probable an appointed authority; the most probable thought of everything is that is the superintendent of the jail or even a gathering of individuals assembled to watch him hang. The subject of the bearing of the portrayal is left not entirely clear, yet one thing is clear. Rather than endeavoring to demonstrate his honesty, the storyteller's long monolog turns into an instance of attempting to demonstrate his mental stability. The absence of a solid clarification of the individual or office to which the portrayal is tended to leaves a lot of space for translation. The main angle with even a nearby estimate of sureness is that the story isn't being routed to the cops since he makes reference to that they were fulfilled. The peak of the story is the disclosure of the dead body and the story is told as a recognition, so the most probable estimation is that the storyteller is tending to a court authority or personage who may impact over the judgment of the storyteller. The story that the storyteller is telling, in this manner, is most precisely acknowledged as an intrigue for kindness as opposed to only an intrigue to be thought rational. All things considered, on the off chance that the admonishments to be discovered normal are acknowledged, at that point the judgment really want to be hardhearted. It is just if this over the top journey to be viewed as normal outcomes in the unexpected inversion of being pro nounced crazy that the portrayal bodes well whatever. The Tell-Tale Heart would thus be able to be said to chip away at two degrees of emotional incongruity without a moment's delay. The most evident degree of incongruity, the one that most perusers perceive and that frames the core of so much abstract investigation, is that the storyteller's over the top dedication to demonstrating his mental stability sabotages that commitment to the point that it is difficult to assign him as something besides insane and in any event semi-hallucination. The incongruity in this perusing of The Tell-Tale Heart depends on the customary perusing that incongruity is created by the logical inconsistency of what is really being said and what is really implied. At the point when a peruser peers nearer and brings into setting the potential for whom the storyteller is tending to and why he would decide to demonstrate his sanit

What Are the Most Important Tools and Technologies for Safeguarding Information Resources free essay sample

What are the parts of a hierarchical system for security and control? Firms need to set up a decent arrangement of both general and application controls for their data frameworks. A hazard appraisal assesses data resources, distinguishes control focuses and control shortcomings, and decides the most financially savvy set of controls. Firms should likewise build up a sound corporate security approach and plans for proceeding with business activities in case of debacle or interruption. The security strategy incorporates polices for adequate use and character the executives. Complete and orderly MIS examining assists associations with deciding the adequacy of security and controls for their data frameworks. 4. What are the most significant instruments and innovations for protecting data assets? Firewalls keep unapproved clients from getting to a private system when it is connected to the Internet. Interruption identification frameworks screen private systems from dubious system traffic and endeavors to get to corporate frameworks. Passwords, tokens, shrewd cards, and biometric confirmation are utilized to validate frameworks clients. We will compose a custom paper test on What Are the Most Important Tools and Technologies for Safeguarding Information Resources? or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Antivirus programming checks PC frameworks for contaminations by infections and worms and frequently dispenses with the malignant programming, while antispyware programming battles meddling and hurtful spyware programs. Encryption, the coding and scrambling of messages, is a broadly utilized innovation for making sure about electronic transmissions over unprotected systems. Advanced declarations joined with open key encryption give further assurance of electronic exchanges by verifying a user’s personality. Organizations can utilize deficiency open minded PC frameworks or make high-accessibility processing situations to ensure that their data frameworks are constantly accessible. Utilization of programming measurements and thorough programming testing help improve programming quality and dependability.

The Multicultural Education Essay -- essays papers

The Multicultural Education John Searle addresses the â€Å"major debate†¦ going on at present concerning†¦ an emergency in the instructing of the humanities.† [Searle, 106] He proceeds to shield the group of works by dead white guys that has customarily made up the educational plan of aesthetic sciences training. I can't help contradicting a considerable lot of his contentions, and accept that multiculturalism ought to be instructed in the college, yet this is only a glimpse of something larger. Liberality will take significantly more than simply negligible changes in educational plan. All together for works by various races and ladies to be judged and concentrated close by works by white men, they must be viewed as equivalent to works by white men. They must be read for their scholarly substance, not for the announcement they make about women's liberation or race. We don’t simply need to assess them by similar norms, we have to change the measures. The norms set by the conventional hum an sciences instruction have been set by white guys and are naturally one-sided. New guidelines should be set that are as liberal as we need understudies to be. This is a pattern that should be begun route before school. A differing educational program ought to be instructed all through a person’s training, since that is the thing that will create balanced, receptive people that will change the custom of mistreatment in the public arena. Searle says, â€Å"We ought not be humiliated by the way that a lopsidedly huge level of the major social accomplishments in our general public have been made by white males.† [Searle, 118] To this, I state yes we should! We ought to be humiliated that there are individuals who don’t see this â€Å"disproportionately huge percentage† isn't because of the mind-boggling knowledge of the white male, yet to hundreds of years of persecution. Our way of life hasn’t supported the scholarly endeavors of ladies or minorities, their thoughts and interests have been subdued, most likely out of dread. We have a general public ruled by white guys, it shouldn’t be amazing that writing is as well. We have to change the manner in which our general public view ladies and minorities. Attempting to do this by changing the educational plan of understudies is silly. We have to begin from the earliest starting point, with the kids. Kids should be encouraged that they exist as a piece of the world, as opposed to similarly as a piece of America. In the event that experience is empowered at a youthful age, it will supplant the â€Å"us† and â€Å"them† mentali... ...be extended to new thoughts and societies. College training ought to be an augmentation of, not a substitution for, evaluation and secondary school instruction. I feel that, all in all, we are headed straight toward a more receptive society. Kids and youthful grown-ups are more tolerating than their folks and their grandparents, and I think on the off chance that we empower and welcome this pattern, it will proceed to their youngsters. Be that as it may, it isn't the situation in all families, and regardless of whether it were, family is just one of the impacts in a child’s life. As they get more seasoned, they are progressively affected by outside components, for example, school, the media and culture. We have to energize youngsters and open their psyches with all the devices we have accessible to us as a general public. Youngsters are the ones that will make up the heft of the compelling populace in twenty years. Expanding their viewpoints is widening the future’s skylines too. As we change the manner in which our general public perspectives ladies and minorities, as they are held onto as equivalents, we will begin to see art istic works of a similar bore, if worse than the works incorporated by the customary standard. At that point, we will be making progress toward having a progressively assorted college degree.

GDP Economic Product

Introduction Real GDP is measure to assess changes in economic welfare over time, to make international comparison of GDP, and for business cycle assessment and forecasting. (Parkin et al 2000). The gross national product (now measured as GDP) was introduced during World War II as a measure of wartime production capacity. Now it is commonly used worldwide as indicator of economic progress (https://www.redefiningprogress.org cited on 1st June 2008). GDP is not accounting Household production, Quality improvement, the underground economy, Health and safety Expectancy, Leisure time, The Environment Quality, Equal wealth Distribution, Political freedom and social justice. GDP can be good indicator of measure of economy living but it is not accurate measure of living standard. Improving livings standards is about poor families gaining access to what is available at the time to make comfortable, healthy and rewarding .in the end, economic statistics only measure what they measure, we may not bear much relation to how well off we are. (The Independent Dec 2002) Source: US department of state (www.usinfo.state.gov cited on 22nd May 2008) Poverty Rising Real GDP is not affecting on the reduction of poverty and change in living standard. USA is the wealthiest country in the world having high real GDP, but more than 35 million people out of 294 million of population faced hunger in 2006 and 390000 in 2005 According to the US Department of agricultures household food security report, that 10.4% of all U.S adults and 17.2 percent of all children faced the food insecurity in 2006. (www.ipsnews.net cited on 22nd May 2008) According to survey in 2005, India had population of approx. 1094.6 Millions and Pakistan had population of approx. 155.8 Million. (www.worldbank.org cited 13th May 2008). Real GDP per capita from 2000 2006 Years Data Source: (United Nation, USA 2007 Economic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007) The real GDP gap between India and Pakistan shows that average Indian people are better being then average Pakistani People. But poverty ratio shows that living standard of India is lower than Pakistan. By comparing Indias population below $1 and poverty line per day with Pakistan shows that living standard of India is not very high than Pakistan because people ratio living below $1 is high that mean they are not using full resources of a happy life. So GDP is not representing the living standard of people and also not counting the poverty ratio. COUNTRY Population Below National Poverty line Per day (%) 1990-2004 Population Below $1 Per day (%) 1990-2005 GDP Per Capita (PPP US $) (2005) CHINA INDIA PAKISTAN SIERRA LEONE NIGERIA ZAMBIA 4.6 28.6 32.6 70.2 34.1 68 9.9 34.3 17 57 70.8 63.8 6757 3452 2370 806 1128 1023 About 10 sub Saharan economies are suffering from malnutrition all the time. (The Observer 18th May 2008) Exchange Rate Inflation It is difficult to compare living standard because exchange rate of country do not show the domestic purchasing power of a currency e.g. any product cost in USA will be 10$ but in China may be 5$. So comparison should consider these. Purchasing power party (PPP) is exchange rates between currencies are in equilibrium and when two countries purchasing power same. Gross domestic products are accounted on standard way based on trade exchange, value of international (dollar) that is purchasing power parity. If the exchange rates of two countries same then the price level will be fixed for both countries products and services. If the domestic price level of any country increase, then exchange rate will be depreciate to return PPP then that country will experience inflation. (www.ftb.bis.gov cited on 27th May 2008) According to World Bank survey (9th April, 2008) on recently increasing the high prices of food will increase the poverty in poor and developing countries. The rise in oil prices changes the each commodity price and result into increase in poverty, the 80% increase in prices of maize and 70% increased in price of rice played main link to increase in poverty. (World Bank 2008) According to head of UN, About 850 million people are facing already the shortage of food and rapidly rising prices could push up to 130 millions population into hunger trap.( Metro 4th June ,2008) so when inflation will increase, it will increase the poverty in poor countries. In Real GDP, increase in price will account as inflation. Quality of Goods GDP is a quantitative measure, and thus does not capture the value of improvements in product quality e.g. $200 dollar phone costs the same as a $200 dollar phone 10 years ago ,it never include the new technology is introduces or quality of goods improved. Unemployment Rising GDP means we are better off, but it is not actually happening. According to recent report by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) May, 2008, Turkish youth hit by unemployment. In Turkey 18% of the total population young people aged 15-24, 30% go to school and 30 % work. This means that almost 40% young people have no proper education and/or are unemployed. It also reveals the extreme of sexual discrimination against female. So they are not able to get education because of family pressure. The report says that turkey has achieved continuous high economic growth of the order of 7.5 percent on average during the 2002-2006 periods. That mean turkey has strong economic growth but weaker human development. Turkey economy boosts cause of foreign debts. Economic growth based on foreign capital means that country like Turkey lacks the potential to handle unemployment and other socioeconomic ills. (www.wsws.org cited 16th May 2008). COUNTRY Population Total (millions) 2005 2015 Unemployment Rate Total (% of Labour force) 1996-2005 AUSTRALIA UK CHINA INDIA TURKEY ZAMBIA 20.3 22.4 60.2 62.8 1313.00 1388.60 1134.40 1302.50 73 82.1 11.5 13.8 4.9 5 4.2 4.3 9.9 12 Literacy Education is necessary and fundamental part of all societies and globally competitive economies. Education can reduce the poverty and inequality, improving the health precaution, enable the use of new technologies and knowledge. In an increasingly competitive knowledge based surroundings, primary education must be the priority and it leads to higher levels of education (https://ddp-xt.worldbank.org cited by 24th May 2008) Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), World Bank, UNAIDS, ILO, Household Surveys, IMF, Country. Data are for the most recent year available in 2000-2005. If in a country more people will be literate it will increase the living standard of people and awareness of their rights. Curren( 2003) explained Illiteracy and other deprivations related to lack of basic education are significant obstacles to essentials of good living such as participation in economic activity, political life and decision making within family. Education is important for all age group and gender but some countries gender discrimination is high and woman discourages and their potential is not counted because of discrimination, education expenses, and household duties. In some countries girls are behind the boys in education and health care because of their parents discriminations and neglect. So gender inequalities in woman start in early and keep throughout their lives. (www.moe.gov.pk cited on 22nd May 2008). According to World Bank report says that more than 100 million primary school age children remain out of school. Because of poverty, parents concern of safety of their child, lack of school and bad teaching method. (https://ddp-ext.worldbank.org) Country Adult Literacy Rate (% aged 15 and older) 1995- 2005 Combined gross enrolment ratio for Primary, secondary, and tertiary Education (%) 2005 Saudi Arabia China India Pakistan Turkey Nigeria U.A.E 82.9 90.9 61 49.9 87.4 69.1 88.7 76 69.1 63.8 40 68.5 56.2 59.9 Source: Human Development Report 2007/2008 (www.hdrstats.undp.org) Under Ground Economy GDP never count the greatest source of wealth i.e. the household and volunteer work sectors go ignore entirely. GDP is not considering the factor of total production that people hide to avoid taxes because the production and services they are producing are illegal and never comes in GDP. (Parkin el at 2005) The black economy never comes in revenue, i.e. production by labor paid less than minimum wage rate, Labor are paid by giving cash avoid Taxes, unreported self employee, the tips money earned by taxi/cab drivers, waiters in Hotel Restaurants, Smuggling of products e.g. oil, etc. these transactions never comes in the figures for GDP. An estimated 5 to 10% black economy adds to GDP in the United States and the UK and 30% in Italy. In the late 1990s, in Russia estimated 50% black economy adds to GDP(The economist 31st may 2008 ). A lot of Household production carry on in developing countries never comes in economic transactions e.g. grass cutting, child care, embroidery stitching of cloths done by female at home, growing vegetable at home, production of hand made goods etc According to the latest estimate by Economists the calculation of the underground economy is to average 15% of national output for developed countries and 33% for developing countries. According to the survey Nigeria and Thailand have the world largest black economies accounting for more than 70% of GDP. (www.tutor2u.net/economics cited on 07th May, 2008). Changes in Leisure Time For the long life and leisure time as if we have more leisure facilities we live better, that never count in GDP. (Parkin el at 2005). GDP only takes the market value of output, therefore, Leisure (paid vacation, holidays, leave time), which shows increase of well-being, satisfaction, and happiness is excluded in the GDP. Different reports have been highlighted that there are longer working hours are in America with compared to Europe which can cause stress and damage family life. Europeans have choice for shorter weeks and a longer holiday that will leads to better life and more happiness but not leads to higher GDP as compared to America. Income inequality The GDP only tells how much income we produce but it fails to tell how that income is distributed. So the GDP increases the gap between poor and rich people. The real GDP was the key indicator of measure of national progress. The growth in GDP is offset by increasing inequality, High level of foreign dept, growing costs of unemployment, environment problems, and failure to maintain wealth equality, i.e. in same economy might be one group is using all resources. (Mc Taggart et al 1999). The large portion of financial wealth real GDP per capita goes to small percentage of population. Income and earnings are unequally distributed among the population. Economic growth increasing also accompanied that increasing poverty. If the income is uneven distributed, then increase in income per capita may disproportionately benefit a small group of high income earners and have little impact on reducing poverty. The gini coefficient is used to measure how evenly income is distributed. (www.bized.co.uk/virtual cited on 21st May ,2008 The Gini coefficient (An INEQUALITY indicator ) varies from zero, that shows the perfect equailty of income. Latin America is the worlds most unequal region, with a Gini coefficient of around 0.5; in rich countries the figure is closer to 0.3.(The economist 2008). inequalirty will incrase moverty and it will effect to slow down the economic growth cause poor people cannot afford to buy their needs e.g. education,foods etc . The chart below shows that income is more unevenly distributed in Zambia as compared to other countries .so GDP per capita income is fail to count that how income is distributed among the population. Data Source: www.bized.co.uk cite on 21st May 2008 and World Bank development indicator 2007, Washington D.C. (www.hdrstats.undp.org cited on 21st May 2008) Pollution Crime, war, pollution, tobacco smoking, and car accidents all cause people to spend money and so they all increase the GDP. The more trees we fell, fish we catch, fossil fuels we burn, greenhouse gases we emit, the more the GDP increases. (https://www.redefiningprogress.org) Real GDP never count for the quality of life e.g. clean water, life expectancy, leisure time, and it never count for the increase in traffic congestion and loss of open space (www.bos.frb.org cited on 06th May, 2008) The causes to produce environment pollution are the carbon dioxide and Ozone depleting substance use. In china the emission of CO2 and ozone depleting substance use is greater than other developing countries. According to European space agency, Bijing and its surrounded cities have air pollution with the high level of nitrogen dioxide, which is dangerous for lungs. In 2005 when China was hosting for the Olympic Games in Beijing, satellite data has reveals that Beijing as air pollution capital of World. (The Guardian, Monday 31 October, 2005) In an overview of the report of WHO, the cigarette and tobacco product are polluting air as well and is the main cause of death. In 2003, 5 million people died most of in poor and over poor populations. (www.wsws.org cited 22nd May 2008). Data Source: Human development report 2007/2008 www.hrdstats.undp.org cited 5th May 2008) COUNTRY Ozone depleting Substances use (grams per capita) (2004) CHINA INDIA PAKISTAN AUSTRALIA SINGAPORE IRAN MALAYSIA THAILAND JAPAN 27.1 9.3 10.2 9.5 50.5 89.9 59.2 39.7 15.3 Data Source: (Table: 29 United Nation, Economic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007) and The World health Organization says that almost 3 million people are died worldwide because of air pollution out door and 1.6 from indoor 80% of illness and death in developing countries because of polluted water.2.1 people die with diarrhea disease. (BBC NEWS www.bbc.co.uk cited on 21/05/2008) The 2nd factor for the human being to live healthy in this world is clean water. In 2004 Romania faced big problem in clean drinking water. Many people became ill because of polluted water. According to WHO/UNICEF (joint monitoring program) in the Romania only 18% of population of the rural had access to clean drinking water (www.ens-newswire.com cited on 22 May 2008). If we see real GDP of Romania in 2004, it comes in high human developed countries but real GDP fail to count the clean water source for the people. In 2004, In comparison with India and Pakistan, the %age of resources using improved drinking water in rural and urban shows that India is behind Pakistan, but if view the economic growth in real GDP shows that India is better than Pakistan. In 2005 in china water pollution increase and 2 million people suffered diseases caused by drinking water with high arsenic content and cancer. In the rural area 360 million peoples faced lack of safe drinking water. The pollution increased 70% in lake and river and sample test. but 95%of water tests were polluted. (BBC NEWS, www.news.bbc.co.uk cited by 23rd May 2008) COUNTRY Share of population with access to improve Water sources (%) (2004) Share of population with access to improve Sanitation (%) (2004) CHINA INDIA PAKISTAN NIGERIA ZAMBIA 77 86 91 48 58 44 33 59 44 55 Data Source: Table- 29 United Nation, Economic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007 Life expectancy and infant birth morality Good health and long life is the hope of everyone which does not show up in real GDP, at least not directly. (Parkin et al 2000).Increase in Real GDP will spend money on the medical and health safety but it ignore new health and expectancy problem every years e.g diseases i.e. Aids, , drug addiction,, murder and suicide and natural disasters i.e. Earthquake etc. In developing countries, in each year More than 500,000 women die in childbirth. In Asia and Africa, lack of access to trained health staff, modern medical facilities the ratio of maternal death may be more than 100 times higher as compared to woman in Western Europe and North America. (www. worldbank.org cited 22nd May 2008.) According to (WHO) report that in Japan life expectancy is higher. For example a baby born can expect to live 85 years having sufficient needs of life to live happy life e.g. food, vaccination and good education. On average enough funds to spend on medication per year. But in same way its not same situation in Sierra Leone a baby will survive a life expectancy of just 36 years. Due to the non availability of resources one or more of children would die and on average could have enough funds a year to spend on medication. (www.worldbank.org cited on 21st May 2008) According to WHO report (2005), In Nigeria the maternal death rate is 59,000 with the population of 140 Millions. African continent countries are having high maternal death in the world. As compared to India, the maternal death is 117,000 with the population of over billion. According to official US report (2007) says that America has dropped from 11th to 42nd place in 20 years being a richest country in the world. The drop is due to more advance way of lifestyle, health care, and better food in the world i.e. Europe, Japan, Singapore and Jordon whose life expectancy is longer. In US the infant morality 6.8 deaths every 1000 births is also high. The worst life expectancy is figured in Africa that is 34.1 years. (The Guardian, 13th August, 2007) Country Infant mortality rate( per 1000 live births) (2005) Life expectancy at birth (Years) 2005 Male Life expectancy at birth (Years) 2005 Female Australia UK China India Nigeria Sierra Leone 5 5 23 56 100 165 78.5 76.7 71 62.3 46 40.2 83.3 81.2 74.3 65.3 47.1 43.4 (www.worldbank.org cited on 21st May 2008) (United Nation, Economic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007) In UK, Life expectancy at age 65 reached its highest level for both men and women. Men and women could expect live more 16.9 years and 19.7 years respectively. If mortality rates will be same is in 2004/06. Life expectancy at age 65, United Kingdom At birth Life expectancy has also its highest level for both males and females. Boys and girls born in the UK could expect on average to live to 76.9 years and 81.3 years of age respectively. https://www.statistics.gov.uk cited 17th May 2008 Alternative Indicators The flaws in GDP as a measure of national well-being have generated worldwide moves to develop a better index. Most work is focused on developing the index of sustainable economics welfare (ISEW) also known as the Genuine Progress indicator (GPI).it has been constructed for different countries i.e. US, Germany, Britain, Sweden and Australia. In Australia calculation of GPI shows that GPI was generally less than GDP measure until 1976, it grew at nearly the same rate and from 1976 to 1996 the GPI did not increase. (Hamilton C. 1997 cited by Mc Taggart et al 1999) In 1995, redefining progress, a non profit public policy organization, based in northern California, introduce a measure of progress that is Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI). GPI basic start with the same accounting framework as the GDP, but then makes some distinctions with same indicators as GDP. GPI counts the beneficial progress as positive and destructive activates as negative. GPI add contribution of household activity volunteer work as hiring some one to do it. but real GDP ignore this contribution that money never change hands, GPI calculate income distribution as GPI will rise when poor receive large portion of income and go down if small portion of income received. GPI subtract these factors that are family break down crime and pollution. In real GDP family break down crime are expenses to addition in well being but GPI minus this cost comes from crime or divorce. Real GDP treats pollution as when it created and when it is clean up that is double gain. But GPI subtract the cost of water and air pollution as damage to human health and environment by increasing the nation wealth people should get the more leisure time and more free time for family or other activities. But the GDP ignores the loss of free time. The GPI goes up if leisure time increases. When people spend money to protect against misfortune or spend for improving their living standard i.e. accidents, drinking water filter, pollution control devices etc the GDP counts as additions but GPI treats these expenses as cost.https://www.redefiningprogress.org cited on 28th May 2008) GDP provides a false sense of progress by comparing with GPI. The chart illutrstae that real (inflation adjusted) US per capita GDP and GPI growth between 1950 and 2004, the GPI figure significantly starggle GDP. It shows that when resource depletion, crime costs, and volounteer sector costs, etc., are accounted for, then the per capita net benefit of a rising GDP is fully invalid. (https://www.redefiningprogress.org cited 2en June 2008) In 1990s United Nations created the human development index (HDI). It Examine that how the people are well being. It shows three indicators that are life expectancy at birth, school and adult literacy and real GNP measure at Purchasing Power Parity in US dollars (The Ledger www.bos.frb.org cited 27th May 2008). Human GDP per capita Development Index PPP US$ 0.70 2600 Tajikistan 0.67 2450 0.64 2300 0.61 2150 0.58 2000 Pakistan 0.55 1850 0.52 1700 0.49 1550 0.46 1400 0.43 1250 0.40 1100 Source: HDI and GDP refer to 2005 as reported in the 2007/2008 Report. (www.hdrstats.undp.org cited on 13th May, 2008) In 2005, HDI highlights the very large gaps in well being and life chances for Pakistan. (Figure 1) It shows that the GDP per Capita was high but the HDI indicator was low showing that people are not well being. The HDI for Pakistan was 0.551 which gives the country 136th rank out of 177 countries. (www.hdrstats.undp.org cited on 13th May, 2008) Conclusion The major disadvantage of Real GDP using as an indicator is a measure of living standard. Real GDP is the good measure on economic growth but it fails to measure that how the people are living and are they happy. It does not true impact that if a country is having high GDP and export 100 percent production will also have high living standard. In the view of replace real GDP with the GPI, as for as west concern it will be very hard for them to adopt this because their concern is to strong the economy and business interest. But economic growth does not bring the happiness. As for as economic growth and living standard of country concern, GPI is good indicator for measuring living standard, but social and non-market costs are included are at dispute. might be thease are the reason GPI has not achieved yet as common usage. Overall, however, the GPI aim is to measure the quality of economic welfare but GDP measure the quantity of economic growth. So GDP is failing to measure the living standard of people it should be replace by GPI. Reference The Ledger www.bos.frb.org/education/ledger03/measure.html : Federal Reserve of bank of Boston, (cited 06 May 2008) Parkin M, Powell M. Kent M., Economics 6th edition, London: Addison Wesley Publishing, chapter 20 Parkin M, Powell M, Matthews K. (2000) Economics 4th Edition Addison Wesley Publishing, p.543-547 McTaggart D., Findly C., Parkin M. (1999) Economics 3rd edition, Australia: Pearson Education Limited Chap, 21, 22 32 United Nation, Economic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007 NEW YORK 2007) Economics (www.tutor2u.net/economics cited on 07th May, 2008) Pakistan data profile India data profile https://devdata.worldbank.org cited on 13th May, 2008 MacAskill E. US tumble down the world ratings list for life expectancy The Guardian,13th August, 2007) Curren R. 2003 A companion to the philosophy of education blackwall publisher USA, page 457 Watts J. Satellite data reveals Beijing as air pollution capital of world The Guardian newspaper, 31 October 2005 Using national income data to measure poverty and living standard (www.bized.co.uk/virtual cited on 21st May, 2008 Ministry of education, Govt. of Pakistan www.moe.gov.pk cited 22nd may 2008) Hunger Stalks worlds wealthiest country, (www.ipsnews.net cited on 22nd May 2008) Romanias Polluted Water a Barrier to EU Member Status published on 20 July,2004 (www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2004/2004-07-20-04.asp cited on 22 May 2008) World Socialist Website (www.wsws.org cited 22nd May 2008) China Warns water pollution, BBC NEWS, www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4374383 cited by 23rd May 2008) Implication of Higher Global Food Prices for poverty in low-income countries published on April 2008 Policy Research Working paper 4594 www-wds.worldbank.org cited on 23rd May 2008 Nigeria, alarming Maternal Death Ratio posted 23 October 2007 www.allafrica.com cited on 23rd May 2008 Newspaper The Independent Dec 2002 Comparative Real GDP per capita and per employed person www.ftb.bis.gov cited on 27th May 2008 (https://www.rprogress.org The redefining Progress cited on 28th May 2008) World Social Website (www.wsws.org cited 22nd May 2008 Whats Wrong with the GDP as a Measure of Progress? https://www.redefiningprogress.org The Human Development index going beyond income cited 13th May 2008, www.hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_pak.html US department of state (https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page10.html Cited on 22nd May 2008) Mathiason N. Globe- trotting fixer doing deals to help the hungry The Observer 18th May 2008 130 Millions more Face falling into hunger trap Attewill F., Metro 4th June 2008 BIBLIOGRAPHY: Lipsey and Chrystal(2004) Economics 10th edition, NY : Oxford University Press Chap.22 26 Samuelson and Nordhaus(2005) Economics 18th edition, USA: Mcgraw Hill Chap. Livesey F. (1995) a text book of Core Economics 4th edition, USA: Longman Group Limited p.137-140 Fallacy of poverty reduction www.dawn.com cited on 07th May 2008 Poverty beyond GDP https://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/topics/extpoverty Sept.15, 2005 cited 06th May 2008 Iqbal S. (13th April 2007) Pakistan GDP seen growing at 7.5 percent www.dawn.com cited on 07th May 2008 Pollution: A life and death issue published on 13th Dec 2004 ,BBC News Science/nature www.newsvote.bbc.co.uk cited on 21st May 2008 You are what you spend The New York Times, www.nytimes.com Feb 10 2008 cited on 23rd May 2008 China: a shared poverty to uneven wealth www.gwu.edu cited on 24th May 2008) Farooq M, Irem B. Estimating Quarterly Gross Fixed Capital Formation State Bank of Pakistan, June 2007 Laurance J. (Health Editor) Thirty Years: Difference in life expectancy between the worlds rich and poor peoples published on Sept 2007 The Independent newspaper The United States http//www.cia.gov/library/publication/the-world-factbook/goes/us.html Taejoon H. China : a shared poverty to uneven wealth? www.gwu.edu/econ270/taejoon.html Cited 21st May 2008

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